In the Netherlands, small amounts of cannabis can be lawfully sold to consumers in so-called coffee shops. Many communities in the country do not have coffee shops, and users under 18 years of age are not allowed to enter coffee shops. A field sample of 773 current cannabis users were interviewed in seven Dutch cities, two without any coffee shop, five varying in coffee shop density. The vast majority (n = 665; 86.0%) buy their own cannabis, and more than 70% of the cannabis is bought in licensed coffee shops. In logistic regression analyses, three variables were significantly and independently associated with buying from unlicensed suppliers: coffee shop density, age, and sex. With higher coffee shop density it was less likely to buy outside of coffee shops. Under-age buyers were more ...
§ 19.1 The General Nature of Doctrine. § 19.2 Congressional Delegation of Legislative Power to the President, Administrative Agencies, or Special Commissions. § 19.3 Presidential Power Over National Policy. § 19.3.1 General Observations. § 19.3.2 International Matters. § 19.3.3 War and National Defense. § 19.3.4 Domestic Policymaking. § 19.3.5 The Pardon Power. § 19.4 Legislative Power Over National Policy. § 19.4.1 General Observations. § 19.4.2 Unconstitutional Attempts to Change the Veto Power. § 19.4.2.1 The Legislative Veto. § 19.4.2.2 Giving the President a Line-Item Veto. § 19.4.3 Limited Legislative Control Over Appointment and Removal of Officers. § 19.4.3.1 Limited Legislative Control Over Appointment of Officers. § 19.4.3.2 Limited Legislative Control...
As US counterterrorism activities continue to engage the armed forces in profound legal and policy debates over detention, interrogation, targeting, and the use of force, recent legal scholarship has painted a grim picture of the effective vitality of civilian control over the US military. Prominent generals leverage their outsized political influence to manipulate the civilian political branches into pursuing their preferred course of action. Bureaucratically sophisticated officers secure the adoption of their policy judgments in the Executive Branch and Congress contrary to civilian preferences. As a result, there remains a significant gap in the development of a constitutional understanding of the meaning of civilian control. This article is an effort to begin filling that gap, by ex...
Farhadi's fifth picture is set in presentday Tehran and concerns disputes that arise between and within two families of different classes. Nader (Peyman Moadi) and Simin (Leila Hatami) are an educated, middle-class couple who've been married for 14 years. As the movie opens, they face the camera and address an unseen divorce court judge. Simin wants to leave the country to give their 11-year-old daughter, Termeh (the director's daughter, Sarina Farhadi), a chance for a better life. Nader feels a duty to stay and care for his Alzheimer's-stricken father. He's willing to grant Simin's petition, so long as she doesn't take Termeh with her. The judge tells them to go home, saying theirs is "a little problem. There's a little problem with the picture's premise, too, and I haven't seen anoth...
The George W. Bush administration will long be remembered for its constitutional and legal arguments on behalf of exclusive and inherent executive power. In its extreme form, this uncompromising effort appears to have failed, and may even have pushed the judicial branch to limit executive authority and return to a more traditional insistence on interbranch cooperation in foreign affairs. Ironically, the Bush-Cheney legal legacy ultimately will depend on the Barack Obama administration's public commitments and legal arguments, but early evidence suggests that President Obama's assertions of executive power will rest less on assertions of constitutional prerogative, and more heavily on statutory delegation as well as long-standing judicial precedent.
I Political Economy and its Relationship to Separation of Powers - A Political Economy - B The Relationship Between - II Evidence for the Thesis: Basic Separation of Powers in a Number of States - A Comparison of the US Presidential System with Parliamentarianism in Great Britain - B New Zealand - C Comparison of Westminster Parliamentarianism with German "Constrained" Parliamentarianism or Kanzlerdemokratie - D The French "Mixed" or "Presidential-Parliamentary" Model - E Summary of Basic Lawmaking Structures - III Complicating The Picture: Adding Other Factors Affecting Concentration of Lawmaking Power - A Judicial Review - B Federalism - C Executive Lawmaking - IV Concluding Explanations: A More Precise Statement of the ...
There is a growing practice of separating immigrant children from their deportable parents. Parental fitness is no longer the standard with regard to undocumented immigrant parents. Increasingly, fit undocumented parents must convince courts and welfare agencies that continuing or resuming parental custody is in their child's best interest. This requirement is unique to immigrant parents and can have a disastrous impact on their ability to retain custody of their children. Best interest decisions are highly subjective and courts and agencies increasingly base their custody determinations on subjective criteria such as negative perceptions regarding undocumented immigrants and their countries of origin, and on extremely positive beliefs regarding the benefits of an American upbringing. F...
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