Courts and commentators have long struggled with the proper treatment of parallel conduct by competitors in oligopoly markets. In such markets it is possible to achieve supra-competitive pricing through recognized interdependence, rather than agreement. In Bell Atlantic Corp v. Twombly, the Supreme Court recently addressed the antecedent question of what are sufficient allegations of agreement to survive a motion to dismiss a Sherman Act § 1 claim in an oligopoly market. The Court concluded that simple allegations of parallel conduct with conclusory assertions of agreement could not survive a motion to dismiss. Nonetheless, the opinion contained little clear guidance as to what would be sufficient, other than indicating that the claim alleged must be "plausible." In the specific context...
..., with seeming approval, of commentators' examples of parallel conduct allegations that would state a...
... developed by Rabin (1993) are two examples in which the players have their own interpretation... to modeling a quantity setting oligopoly, and the second application, from Goodhue (1998), ...
...providing "examples of parallel conduct allegations that would. state ...inelastic demand as two indicia of oligopoly). And while stable. market shares over time may s...
... obligation, contracting, liability, and oligopoly pricing. Using a selection of case studies where aappropriate, and examples based in game theory, the book examines issues fro...
The article examines the role of the Parsis of India in the opium trade between China and India during the 18th and 19th centuries. It examines the significant role of a non-European group in the history of drugs. The Parsi involvement in the opium trade constituted an important component in the rise of Western capital in Asia, the development of the Indian and imperial economies, and the growth of Bombay and other colonial centers. Furthermore, the article examines the ability of drugs to serve the interests of non-Europeans under imperialism, as opium provided for the economic, social, and political development of the Parsi community. The article notes an episode in the history of both a community and a drug. The Parsis constitute one of the first and arguably most significant example...
... the first and arguably most significant examples of the ability of drugs to positively transform th... constituted an informal but tight oligopoly. The age of partnership saw close patron-client re...
... concentration have led to such standard oligopoly outcomes as restriction of consumer choice. To lisst but a few examples--"local" news segments produced by Sinclair's corp...
... analyzed theoretically in duopoly and oligopoly models. In this paper, setting price below margina...et al. (1989). Most examples of such oligopolistic industries existed in Wester...
Congress passed the Sherman Act in 1890 to restrain Standard Oil's monopolistic practices. The Act seeks to foster an appropriate level of competition while forbidding overly zealous competition, such as predatory pricing, that excludes fellow competitors from the market. The pricing tactic commonly known as a bundled discount has come under increased scrutiny in recent years. In bundled discounts, companies offer consumers a package of diverse goods for a price that is less than the price of the constituent parts. In Brooke Group Ltd. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. , a predatory-pricing case brought under the Clayton Act involving an oligopoly market, the Supreme Court held that discounts remaining above an appropriate measure of an antitrust defendant's cost do not violate the Sh...
...2 . As the above examples suggest, bundled discounts are ubiquitous in today...
Plus factors are economic actions and outcomes, above and beyond parallel conduct by oligopolistic firms, that are largely inconsistent with unilateral conduct but largely consistent with explicitly coordinated action. Possible plus factors are typically enumerated without any attempt to distinguish them in terms of a meaningful economic categorization or in terms of their probative strength for inferring collusion. In this Article, we provide a taxonomy for plus factors as well as a methodology for ranking plus factors in terms of their strength for inferring explicit collusion, the strongest of which are referred to as "super plus factors.
... their role as players in the repeated oligopoly game.6 In antitrust cases, courts permit the fact ...As will become clear from our examples, and as we formally establish below, the strength ...
... Competition Monopolistic Competition Oligopoly Monopoly Number of competitors Many Few to many Ve... true monopoly) Little (in regulated one) Examples Farmer Fast-food restaurant Automotive manufacture...
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