On March 9, 2010, the upper house of Parliament in India, the world's largest democracy, passed a constitutional amendment to reserve one-third of the seats in Parliament and State Assemblies for women. If adopted, the amendment would more than triple the number of women in Parliament from the present modest level of 10.8%. While increases in women's representation have been rising at an incremental pace in much of the industrialized world, the pace has been much more chaotic and dramatic in the developing world, with many countries making dramatic leaps forward through the adoption of quotas, while other countries have made no advances at all. While there have been significant gains for women, there remains a large number of countries where there has been little movement. Women's repre...
... of development, political culture, and electoral systems. Countries with higher levels of GDP per c...
... make it exceedingly hard for minorities and women to craft equal protection challenges to race- and ... in judgment) ("[E] ven 'benign' racial quotas have individual victims, whose very real injustice... visible political manipulation of electoral structures, particularly when done selectively for...
I didn't know this election would be so difficult, but I won't go backwards. I will definitely do it again, and I know I will win next time," said Rosemary White, Movement for Democratic Change candidate for Chitungwiza, a satellite city of Harare. Skeptics remain doubtful that Zimbabwe will meet the targets set out by the Southern African Development Community, but the protocol does spell out some measures that member states should take to increase women's participation, including "public awareness campaigns which demonstrate the vital link between the equal representation and participation of women and men in decision-making positions, democracy, good governance and citizen participation. "It doesn't matter what kind of structure comes up; what we are interested in are the principle...
... conference called for a change in the electoral system to a more gendersensitive one based on prop... the Liberation of Mozambique setting party quotas for women's participation. But the real example ha...
... the state policy behind the at-large electoral system was "neutral in origin," the policy was bei... - or at least none short of a system of quotas or group representation. Any such system, of cours... stereotypical views of the proper role of women in society? Is the establishment of a memorial for...
..., despite the introduction of 30 percent electoral quotas for women, only 8.2 percent of those electe...
Chávez, who on December 3, 2006, became the first immediately reelected president in the republican history of Venezuela (with 62.89% of the votes); Manuel Rosales, the governor of the state of Zulia; comedian Benjamin Rausseo (also known by his stage name, El Conde del Guacharo); and 20 unknowns supported by ad hoc electoral groups, a record six of whom were women.2 AT EACH END OF THE SPECTRUM3 On the side of Venezuelan men and women who support the president, now elected three times, the Bolivarian Women's Force-a mass movement of women from the popular classes, organized through the National Institute of Women, the state women's agency-is said to consist of 30,000 to 40,000 puntos de encuentro, or base-level "meeting points," consisting of about five women each.
... other legislation, because the issue of quotas is of particular sensitivity to female leaders of ...
... respectively, regulation of hours worked by women and by men in certain industries. The doctrinal ap... of the use of multi-member electoral districts to select the city commission. A prior d... in the approving of some forms of racial quotas. Rejected were the arguments that a stigma attache...
...Some Peruvian women's NGOs cooperated with the government and were par..., and nurses and doctors had to fulfill quotas. Although at the 1994 International Conference on ... enterprise promotion, improvements in electoral participation; all these heterogeneous signifieds ...
...The degree of such direct electoral representation of these diverse groups in local go..., ethnic minorities, and less privileged women (Haque, 1997). Thus, one major concern is regardin.... Reyes, S. and W. Azizah (2002). Quotas for Women for Legislative Seats at the Local Level...
Some focus on operational limitations and the unintended negative consequences of international aid, while others focus on institutional lacunae.1 Increasingly though, it is accepted that the most critical problems involve a lack of knowledge of how to rebuild states and an associated failure of state-building strategy.2 This Article focuses on one of the key elements of post-conflict peace-building: the role of constitution-making in the political and governance transition. For example, it can drive the transformative process from conflict to peace, seek to transform the society from one that resorts to violence to one that resorts to political means to resolve conflict, and/or shape the governance framework that will regulate access to power and resources-all key reasons for conflict.
... is undertaken through technical electoral assistance and institution- or capacity-building, ...), or majoritarian model with fixed ethnic quotas, is best able to ensure the required moderation an...In contrast, reserved seats for women, or other interest groups, appeared to encourage t...
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