The consequences of enforcing U.N. economic sanctions set a high legal standard for what indirect harm a civilian population might have to suffer before the sanctions violate international law.118 If economic sanctions, by definition a measure short of armed conflict, can negatively affect civilian welfare to the point that a state's mortality rate increases, a fortiori a state could inflict similar harm on a civilian population during wartime. [...] the standard for determining when an attack on a war-sustaining asset is disproportional to its military value is no different than any other attack.
... local law imposing civil or criminal sanctions (otherthan through licensing and similar laws) upo...§23-211(9)(a). That definition largely parrotsthe definition of "license" that Co... Presidentwith "less to offer and less economic and diplomatic leverage" in exercising his foreign...
...Such measures range from economic and/or other sanctions not involving the use of ar... a listing to take place and a clearer definition of what "associated with" actually means. . Second...
... dealings are prohibited by the various economic sanctions programs administered by OFAC that appea... with persons meeting a particular definition, whether or not that person is identified on the S...
... that provide conceptualizations and definitions of policy networks. For the purposes of this study... opportunistic behavior and enforcing sanctions for non-compliance impose costs on establishing an...
... - even if they don't fall within the definition of U.S. person - also risk liability under the U.S...
... I also hope to explore the lack of economic analysis being done on the SEC's proposed rules, w... to exempt offerings, revisions to the definition of a credited investor and disqualification of off... and I think they range across the sanctions from counseling to removal from federal services. ...
The current economic climate has greatly helped to create and sustain an environment conducive to fraudulent financial reporting. As part of its emphasis on enforcement and investor protection, the Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC) has reported a significant increase in 2010 in both the number and the size of fraud cases. Now, provisions in the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, eg, Title IX -- Investor Protection and Securities Reform Act of 2010, and new incentives contained in amendments to the US Federal Sentencing Guidelines are likely to increase the motivation for whistleblowing activities and subsequent assertions of fraud. The most important whistleblower motivator is the authority granted to the SEC for making bounty payments to whistleblowers....
... Resister, has widely publicized a definition of whistleblowing:. "Whistleblowing is an open dis... from 10%- 30% of the amount of monetary sanctions in cases over $1 million, including penalties and ...
... incentives for change and even threaten sanctions (where morally acceptable and not counterproductiv... toleration is not interventionist by definition does not render it indistinguishable from the inte...Problems of racism, economic inequality, overexploitation of the environment ar...
... international law are desirable from an economic standpoint. The reasons why are much the same as t... agreed to the punishment! As a result, sanctions for breach were only authorized one time in the hi... to perform the contract, breach is by definition efficient. (51) . International law must confront ...
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