The present paper intends to investigate empirically the causal relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and net domestic savings in Jordan over the period 1971-2005. In fact, the ultimate goal of the paper is to answer the question of whether the FDI inflow is a complementary or a substitute to domestic savings in Jordan. The paper utilizes the error-correction model (ECM) to establish the causal relationship between domestic savings and FDI inflow. The paper performs the unit root test to test for the stationarity of the time series. Applying the Johansen cointegration approach tests the existence of the long-run linear combination between FDI and domestic savings. The unit root test results show that the series are integrated of order one, I(1), and become stationary at t...
Numerous studies have addressed the relationship of nonfinancial performance measures and financial outcomes. We investigated the causal relationship between employee attitudes and a firm's financial performance using 14 banking centers from one bank, over a two and one-half year period. Data revealed that when banking centers experienced a positive change in financial performance, employees were more satisfied and committed to that center, and perceived that center as more fair. In contrast, if a banking center did poorly, its employees were less satisfied and committed, and had lower perceptions of fairness. These findings support the model that financial performance leads to employee attitudes rather than the reverse.
Relator abandoned the workforce when she applied for and received a disability retirement from the Public Employees Retirement System, and her workforce abandonment severed any causal relationship between her industrial injury and her claimed disability where the retirement was premised on conditions not allowed in the industrial injury.
Most of the study of causal relationship of GDP or growth with Trade and Foreign Direct Investment in the context of India rely on cross country comparisons, or simple correlations/regressions disregarding nonstationarity properties. Some papers which consider time series properties depend on VAR or VECM or Johansen-Juselius cointegration technique which is shown to suffer from potential pretest biases, influence of nuisance parameters and asymptotic unreliability. The pitfalls of these techniques especially considering the uncertainty in ascertaining the order of cointegration of the variables in the system have been well documented in the literature and also briefly mentioned in this paper. Therefore, this study employs the more recent and robust ARDL bound testing approach suggested ...
In Hudson v. Michigan, the Supreme Court held that evidence need not be excluded despite the fact that the police had violated the Fourth Amendment by failing to knock and announce their presence before conducting a search. The Court said that the constitutional violation was not a but-for cause of the seizure; the police would have obtained the evidence even if they had knocked. Hudson's analysis threatens to withdraw the exclusionary remedy whenever the police have conducted a search in an unconstitutional manner-most notably, when they have failed to obtain a warrant before searching. The Court's decision is likely to withdraw the remedy in the cases in which it is most likely to work and to leave the police with little incentive to conduct searches properly. Even scholars critical ...
... intervening cause" has broken the causal chain. Students, like their teachers and like Supr... has not required a but-for causal relationship between a constitutional violation and the discove...
This paper investigates the co-integration and causal relationship between the various stock exchanges of the Baltic Countries. The study aims to give the analysis of the relationship between the markets of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. We present the analysis of the cointegration and causal relationship between Riga, Vilnius, Tallinn stock exchanges, the SPX and Baltic bench. The analysis employs Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test, Johansson co-integration approach, Vector error Correction model, Granger Causality test. By analyzing the co-integration and other tests on these Baltic stock markets of the EU over the study period, the relationships between the two variables are examined.
Based on a sample of equity funds, we examine mutual fund performance as it relates to cash flows into and out of funds. Controlling for both size and style, we estimate the major determinants of fund flows cross-sectionally and show that positive cash flow mutual fund portfolios have significant risk-adjusted returns in the subsequent period. Our causality tests demonstrate a predominantly one-way causal relationship between fund performance and net cash flows for several groups of funds, however. Specifically, our finding that fund performance causes cash flows is not consistent with a smart money effect.
Employee failed to show causal relationship between injury and her employment; writ of mandamus denied.
My host is Javier Sellanes, a scruffy young researcher who studies bottomdwelling marine life in the OMZs. He's skeptical of the idea floated by MBARI and COPAS scientists, that the oxygen minimum zone has gotten thicker over time. "The truth is that I don't know," he says. "I don't think anyone in Chile knows. Most of his subjects-including urchins, roundworms and microscopic foraminifera- didn't like it. "A 0.2 unit pH change is pretty harmful for most of the animals we see down there," [JIM BARRY] explains from his ocean-view MBARI office. "We're asking animals in the deep ocean to live in a completely different environment than they evolved in." We're all gonna weasel-word this, because ya can't prove it," he says gruffly. "We have compelling evidence that these things are related...
... the equator, the harder it is to prove causality. At Peru's low latitude, scientists would have a h..., but we don't have a direct causal relationship yet. If we went around waving our arms and saying ...
This paper examines the longitudinal evolution of correspondences among the issue agendas of the mass media, Congress, and the public from 1946 to 2004. The time unit is one year. Data are derived from the New York Times coverage, Gallup's Most Important Problem series, and Congressional hearings. The evolutions of, as well as the causal relationship among, the three agendas and their agenda-setting effects are analyzed and discussed.
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