affirmative action history

• At Age 50, Affirmative Action Looks Tired ; Efforts Increasingly Counterproductive and Unhinged From History

This Sunday will mark the 50th anniversary of the first time the phrase "affirmative action" was used in the civil rights context, in Executive Order 10925, which President Kennedy signed on March 6, 1961. Ironically, it is clear that the phrase in Kennedy's document meant taking positive steps, proactive measures - affirmative action, get it? - to make sure racial discrimination did not occur, that individuals were treated "without regard" to race by government contractors. But it did not take activists, bureaucrats and judges long to turn the principle of nondiscrimination on its head.

• The Washington Times
• March 04, 2011

• Working Toward Whiteness: How America's Immigrants Became White/When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America

Dickerson reviews Working Toward Whiteness: How America's Immigrants Became White by David R. Roediger and When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America by Ira Katznelson.

• Mother Jones
• Vol. 30 Nbr. 5, September 2005

• Affirmative action: 40th anniversary: an analysis of books on the promises and pitfalls of a Federal policy intended to equalize opportunity. (An Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement) (Judgment Days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King Jr, and the Laws That Changed America) (Reflections of an Affirmative Action Baby) (The Case for Affirmative Action in University Admissions) (Affirmative Action Is Dead: Long Live Affirmative Action) (When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America) (Affirmative Action: Racial Preference in Black and White) (Race and College Admissions: A Case for Affirmative Action) (Book Review)

IF WE ARE TO BELIEVE JAMES FARMER'S MEMOIR LAY BARE THE HEART: An Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement (Texas Christian University Press, Septem...

• Black Issues Book Review
• Vol. 7 Nbr. 5, September 2005

• Affirmative Action

...HISTORY OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTION. Affirmative action has its ...

• Encyclopedia of Small Business
• A-I

• Affirmative Action

...History of Affirmative Action. Affirmative action has its ...

• Gale Encyclopedia of Everyday Law
• Civil Rights

• Big Government and Affirmative Action: the Scandalous History of the Small Business Administration.

By Jonathan J. Bean Louisville: University Press of Kentucky, 2001. Pp. xii, 224. $29.95 cloth. In Big Government and Affirmative Action, Jonathan J...

• Independent Review
• Vol. 7 Nbr. 3, January 2003

• Racial blind spots: the affirmative action path not taken.

The Pursuit of Fairness: A History of Affirmative Action - Affirmative Action Around the World - Book Review

• Reason
• Vol. 37 Nbr. 5, October 2005

• When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth Century America.

Ira Katznelson, When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth Century America. New York: W.W. Norton & Compan...

• The Journal of African American History
• Vol. 92 Nbr. 3, June 2007

• Barack or Hillary? I'm Delightfully Undecided

Then the comeback of [Hillary Clinton] in New Hampshire was also instructive. The old rules say that a woman rurining for national office had to be tough as nails, but the new rules want to see a degree of vulnerability and tenderness and a lot of likeability in men, as well as women. Spouting facts don't cut it, a candidate has to step out of a role and "be real." Clinton took off her mask and found her "voice" as she said and the voters, especially women, many of whom had been offended by both [Barack Obama] and former Sen. John Edwards ganging up on her, rewarded Clinton withenough votes to win. First, other than entertainers and athletes, it is rare to see whites lavish affection on a Black man that would actually be beneficial to African Americans and other nonwhites. Justice Clare...

... most diverse Cabinet adrninistration in history, strong support for affirmative action and the dou...

• Chicago Defender
• August 22, 2009

• Naacp Youth Council Celebrates Black History

The Youth Council members must know that many ethnic groups helped to build America, and everyone should be sensitive to this country's multi-ethnic heritage. Unfortunately, we are still unsure about the many contributions made by African Americans. They are quite comfortable in the belief that America was solely a product of Europe and so they find it difficult to fully appreciate that the idea of America belongs to a truly universal quest for freedom. Just as the Civil Rights Movement raised concerns about equal access for all disadvantaged people, ethnic minorities, women and the handicapped; perhaps Black History Month will encourage an abiding sensitivity to America's diverse heritage," said a spokesperson. "As the Youth Council advisor, I find that there is a need to encourage th...

... addresses throughout the year is Affirmative Action. Since this is Black History Month, there w...

• Sentinel; Los Angeles, Calif.
• August 24, 2009