Tribes may embody diverse kinship rules, structures, types of political authority, and lifestyles (sedentary, semi-nomadic, nomadic),5 which may be influenced by security and economic conditions and government policies.6 Thus, for instance, the Arab tribes of the Arabian Peninsula, Levant, and North Africa tended, at least traditionally, to be relatively egalitarian and non-hierarchical organizations lacking a well-developed leadership structure, while the Turkic tribes of the Central Asian steppes tended to be hierarchical, highly centralized organizations ruled by powerful chieftains.7 Although Arab tribal ideology is relatively egalitarian, in reality, major disparities in status, power, and wealth exist within and between tribes.8 Among settled tribes, sheikhly families and clans te...
Thirty people died in an explosion outside a mosque during a funeral service while six others died in roadside bomb explosions on their return from the holy city of Karbala. [AP, 8/23] Aug. 24: A group of Shi'a parties formed a political coalition, though they were not joined by Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki and his Dawa Party, which refrained from joining due to disputes over who would lead the new group. In raids conducted throughout the previous week, Iraqi security forces detained more than 150 Sunni insurgents in Mosul, including suspected members of al-Qa'ida.
[...] it would involve recognizing that the Kurds are the only ethno-sectarian community in Iraq with a resounding demand for federalism, and that most other Iraqis would be comfortable with a moderately centralized state without ethno-sectarian categories being formally enshrined in the state structure. [...] most critically, it would require a serious re-examination of the historical depth-or lack of such depth-of a number of the Kurdish demands that have dominated the post-2003 period in Iraq, such as the idea of annexing Kirkuk or managing a separate Kurdish army and oil sector.
I hate to say it, but both John McCain and Barack Obama are wrong in their approaches to Iraq. On Aug. 18, McCain said, "The lasting advantage of a peaceful and democratic ally in the heart of the Middle East could still be squandered by hasty withdrawals and arbitrary timelines." A day later, Obama mused, "Iraqi inaction threatens the progress we've made and creates an opening for Iran and the `special groups' it supports. Before I explain, it's worth noting that the era in which the United States has the dubious luxury of focusing on one kind of war at a time, plus Afghanistan, plus too much face time in that so- called "peace process," is over.
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