..., the Castillo-Cruz opinion's joyriding example applies a fortiori to section 496d. Joyriding is p...
This Article advocates differentiating between two distinct categories of equal protection cases. The first-what I have termed indicator cases-are instances where courts consider whether there are sufficient factual indications to demonstrate the existence of a prima facie equal protection violation. The second-violation cases-are instances where courts consider, having already determined the existence of an equal protection violation, whether there is a good enough justification for a prima facie equal protection violation. Unfortunately, the Supreme Court has not differentiated between these two different types of cases. This has led to a string of decisions where the Supreme Court has erroneously looked for justifications for non-existent Equal Protection Clause violations, when in f...
...DIVERSITY AS THE NEW DISCRIMINATION: A FORTIORI ARGUMENTS . . 641. X. LOOKING TO THE FUTURE: THE P... equal access to equal education.9 For example, Charles Ogletree, penning an editorial in the Bos...
... For example, prescriber-identifying information may be dissemi... A fortiori it satisfies lessdemanding standards that are mo...
is often viewed as a topic for idle speculation. Yet our beliefs and assumptions on this subject matter shape decisions in both our personal lives and public policy - decisions that have very real and sometimes unfortunate consequences. It is therefore practically important to try to develop a realistic mode of futuristic thought about big picture questions for humanity. This paper sketches an overview of some recent attempts in this direction, and it offers a brief discussion of four families of scenarios for humanity's future: extinction, recurrent collapse, plateau, and posthumanity.
...For example, whether and when Earth-originating life will go e... about the future of technology and, a fortiori, one key determinant of the future of humanity. It...
...For example, on direct review of a state-court conviction, whe... result in this case would seem to be a fortiori. . [Footnote 10] For example, the heavy federal ...
The essays in this special issue present and develop several important themes in the examination of ethical presidential leadership. These include the distinction(s) between public and private virtues; the ways in which America's history and democratic ethos shape the "constitutional character" required of its chief executive; the complications in the assessment of presidential leadership posed by the multidimensional character of the presidential office and by the variety of challenges that the president confronts; and the different and often divergent sources of democratic legitimacy, including responsiveness to the electorate, guidance by one's own judgment of its interests, and fidelity to one's core convictions.
...For example, John F. Kennedy denied that he had exchanged the ... is a virtue for private citizens, and a fortiori for the president, who is required by the Constitu...
...'s Eighth Amendment rights--and a fortiori to satisfy the PLRA's "more than de minimis" physiical injury requirement. For example, this court has said that claims of excessive cold...
...(and wedoubt it), it would make this an a fortiori case. He says, post, at 9, 10,that the California... parental prohibitions-to require, for example, that thepromoters of a rock concert exclude tho...
... with both principles, declaring, for example: "To separate [children] from others of similar ag..., [section] 2000e-2(l), then it follows a fortiori that it may not take the greater step of discardin...
Economic science is generally considered less viable than the physical sciences. Sophisticated mathematical models of the economy have been developed but their accuracy is questionable to the point that the present economic crisis is often blamed on an unwarranted faith in faulty mathematical models. In this paper, we claim that the mathematical handling of economics has actually been reasonably successful and that models are not the cause behind the present crisis. The science of economics does not study immutable laws of nature but the complex human artefacts that are our economies and our financial markets, artefacts that are designed to be largely uncertain. We could make our economies and our markets less subject to uncertainty, and mathematical models more faithful to empirical da...
...For example, the study of mechanics was greatly simplified by ...In financial markets, and a fortiori in the entire economy, there are now hidden risks ...
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